The analysis is actually adjusted for age, sex, body-size index, informative level, alcoholic beverages consumption, and you can geographical region
Attributes of your Research Professionals
The characteristics of the 102,216 participants are shown in Table 1 , and in Tables S2 and S3 in the Supplementary Appendix. Mean sodium excretion was estimated to be 4.93±1.73 g, and mean potassium excretion was estimated to be 2.12±0.60 g, with higher excretion in men than in women (P<0.001 for sodium and potassium).
Models from Salt and you may Potassium Excretion
Observed removal from a single fast early morning urine sample and you can estimated “usual” removal (immediately following variations having regression dilution prejudice) receive. Getting seen excretion, the latest imply (±SD) salt excretion are cuatro.93±step one.73 g a-day; step three.3% of professionals got sodium removal out of less than dos.29 g every single day, and you may 0.6% away from professionals got salt removal of below 1.50 g per day. To have estimated typical removal, the fresh indicate salt removal is actually 4.90±step 1.17 grams every day; 0.2% out of professionals got sodium removal out-of less than 2.29 grams daily, and nothing had sodium excretion off lower than step one.fifty g everyday.
Overall, 43.5% of the population had an estimated sodium excretion of more than 5 g per day, 45.9% between 3 and 5 g per day, and 10.6% less than 3 g per day (3.3% had an excretion <2.3 g per day, and 0.6% <1.5 g per day). After adjustment for regression dilution bias, 2.1% of participants had an estimated sodium excretion of less than 3 g per day, and only 0.2% had excretion of less than 2.3 g per day ( Figure 1A ). Overall, 7.9% of participants had an estimated potassium excretion of more than 3 g per day ( Figure 1B ).
Estimated sodium excretion was higher in rural areas than in urban areas (P<0.001), whereas estimated potassium excretion was higher in urban areas (P<0.001) (Tables S2 and S3 in the Supplementary Appendix). Per capita gross national income was inversely associated with estimated sodium excretion and positively associated with estimated potassium excretion (P<0.001 for trends). Mean estimated sodium excretion ranged from 3.78 g per day in Malaysia to 5.59 g per day in China. Mean estimated potassium excretion ranged from 1.70 g per day in South Asia (Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan) to 2.46 g per day in Canada and Europe (Poland and Sweden).
Urinary Sodium Removal and you can Blood pressure
Changes in blood pressure levels are offered to possess salt excretion off reduced than just step three grams per day, removal out-of less than six g each and every day, and removal of greater than 5 grams on a daily basis. People with extremely lowest or high salt excretion are included about profile. In Asia, 218 individuals that have excretion regarding lower than dos g daily were as part of the class which have removal away from 2.00 so you can 2.99 g daily, and you will 482 individuals having excretion of greater than 11 grams for every date was indeed as part of the group with excretion away from grams or way more per day. Far away, 235 people with excretion away from 9.00 so you can 9.99 grams a-day and you will 112 persons with removal from ten grams or higher a-day were as part of the class that have excretion away from 8.00 to 8.99 g everyday. I pubs suggest 95% count on menstruation.
After adjusting for covariates, we found a significant positive association between estimated sodium excretion and systolic blood pressure (P<0.001 for trend) and between estimated sodium excretion and diastolic blood pressure (P<0.001 for trend) ( Figure 2A and 2B ). For each 1-g increment in estimated sodium excretion, there was an increment of 1.46 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure (P<0.001) and an increment of 0.54 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure (P<0.001). After correcting for regression dilution bias and adjusting for covariates, we observed a steeper slope (a larger increment in blood pressure for a 1-g increment in estimated sodium excretion) for the association between estimated usual sodium excretion and blood pressure, with an increment of 2.11 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure per gram and an increment of 0.78 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure per gram (P<0.001 for both comparisons).